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Loewe v. Lawlor
''Loewe v. Lawlor'', 208 U.S. 274 (1908), also referred to as the Danbury Hatters' Case, is a United States Supreme Court case concerning the application of antitrust laws to labor unions. The Court's decision had the effect of outlawing secondary boycotts as violative of the Sherman Antitrust Act, in the face of labor union protests that their actions affected only intrastate commerce.〔Carter, Saalim A. (''Labor Unions and Antitrust Legislation: Judicial Activism vs. Judicial Restraint from 1890-1941'' ). Penn State University, 2006. p. 28.〕 It was also decided that individual unionists could be held personally liable for damages incurred by the activities of their union.〔Carter, p. 30.〕
== Background ==
In 1901, D. E. Loewe & Company, a fur hat manufacturer, declared itself an open shop.〔Federal Writers' Project (1938). ''(Connecticut: A Guide to Its Roads, Lore and People )''. Reprint: US History Publishers. ISBN 1-60354-007-5. pp. 132-133.〕 It was the third open shop ever established in Danbury, Connecticut, the center of the pelt industry since 1780.〔 Loewe's declaration sparked a strike and a boycott by the United Hatters of North America (UHU), which had organized 70 out of 82 firms in the hat manufacturing industry.〔 The nationwide boycott was assisted by the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and was successful in persuading retailers, wholesalers and customers not to buy from or do business with Loewe.〔 The goal of the operation was for UHU to gain union recognition as the bargaining agent for employees at Loewe & Co.〔
Loewe & Co. sued the union for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act, alleging that UHU's boycott interfered with Loewe's ability to engage in the interstate commerce of selling hats.〔 The act had been adopted in 1890 with the primary purpose to control business monopolies.〔Holley, p. 106.〕 The appellee in the case was Martin Lawlor, the business agent for the UHU, but the list of defendants included 240 union members.〔Danbury Museum & Historical Society, ''Danbury''. Arcadia Publishing, 2001. p. 79.〕
The case was handled in the first instance by the United States Circuit Court for the District of Connecticut which dismissed the suit on the grounds that the alleged actions fell outside the scope of the Sherman Act. Loewe & Co. appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit which certified the case to the Supreme Court.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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